The musculoskeletal System - A Case Study - Short Answers Essay

The musculoskeletal System - A Case Study - Short Answers - Essay Example The wounds can be open or closed. Open wounds are common because the shaft of the tibia is just below the skin and subcutaneous tissue and is not covered with much soft tissue. Most of the tibial shaft fractures are associated with fibular fractures too. In Julia, the fracture occurred due to high speed accident. The fibula was however not involved and the wound was closed. The main sources of pain in Julia are the site of fracture, skin and subcutaneous tissue and the muscles surrounding the tibia. Fracture induces significant amount of inflammation and release of inflammatory mediators with cause pain, swelling, warmth and redness. During fracture, hematoma may be formed which can also cause pain (Rosenberg, 2007). Inflammatory cells, phagocytes and fibroblasts have a major role in the healing process of the fracture. Fracture causes formation of hematoma and a blood clot gets formed between the broken fragments of the fracture. After the initial few days following fracture, blood vessels grow within the clot. These blood vessels allow accumulation of phagocytes to the area which help in the removal of dead tissue. The blood vessels also cause pouring in of fibroblasts which multiply in the walls of the blood vessels and produce collagen fibres. These fibres replace the blood clot. The fibroblasts also lay down bone matrix or calcium hydroxyapatite which helps in the transformation of collagen to bone (Rosenberg, 2007). Factors which promote wound healing in Julia are immobilization, good nutrition, young age and absence of infection (Rosenberg, 2007; Konowalchuk, 2005 and Norvell, 2009). Immobilization is very essential to promote fracture healing. This is because, any movement of the fragments of the fracture hinder the process of healing. Movement disturbs the formation of clot and invasion of blood vessels within the clot. Decrease in the formation of blood vessels prevents invasion of fibroblasts essential for deposition of collagen and bone

S5Ws9&10DQs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

S5Ws9 DQs - Assignment Example In his evaluation, he undertook a thorough study of various regions, cultures, religions and civilizations of the world and predicted the battle lines for future conflicts (Huntington, 1990). Huntington’s hypothesis is an appropriate model that elucidates the practice of international relations in the post September 11 world because on many counts the hypothesis has been proved right as the September eleven incident, and the conduct of foreign relations has been based on the conflict between two diverse cultural orientations. Fundamental Islam doctrine was responsible for the September eleven attack, on the one hand, and America was under attack owing to its strong western philosophy of capitalism, democracy and Christianity. Ever since the September eleven attacks, international relations have been determined by the fight between Christianity and Muslim fundamentalism; whereas America is seen as the key promoter of Christian religion, radical terrorist organizations with safe havens in Afghanistan are the advocates of Muslim fundamentalism (Seth, 2010). ... An evaluation of economy and politics in the Greater Middle East indicates that there is incompatibility between development and democratization in the sense that the growth in economy and other parameters is not consistent with democratic ideals (Felbab-Brown, 2005). The reality in the Greater Middle East is contrary to major theoretical frameworks that state that democratization is directly proportional to economic development. The western thought provides that development and democratizations are related and that economic development ushers in democratization. Though the region is not much developed there are certain indicators of development that do not coincide with democratization. The Greater Middle East comprises countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and part of North America. Democracy has been a huge challenge for these countries and countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan are quite unstable politically though they have tried to embrace democracy. Both Pakistan and Afghanist an are safe havens for terrorist organization that have not only waged war against the West but also resisted any attempts to democratize the countries. Pakistan has some level of economic development but is not compatible with democratization in the sense that the country still faces numerous challenges regarding political stability and the prevalence of egalitarianism. Afghanistan, on the other hand, has been occupied by America since the overthrow of the Taliban regime following September 11 (Gregory, 2011). The huge challenge for America was to democratize Afghanistan and make it politically stable to rid of militants from its region. Therefore, as far as the Greater Middle East is concerned, economic development is not compatible with